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   沙中合作-前景广阔

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北欧绿色邮报网报道 作者 晨曦

沙特阿拉伯和中国于1990年7月21日正式建立外交关系。这是两国都积极对外开放，融入国际社会大家庭的结果。沙特寻求多元化发展，中国也需要扩大地区合作，双方优势互补，合作前景十分广阔。

沙特国土面积两百多万平方公理，人口3500万。盛产石油。尽管大面积都是沙漠，但拥有很长的海岸线。中国国土面积960万平方公里，人口14亿，公认的巨大消费市场和各种高科技，制造业的领头羊。

随着两国高层的不断互访，沙中在各个领域的合作不断开花结果。到2001年，沙特已经成为中国在中东地区第一大贸易伙伴。

2006年和2009年胡锦涛主席访问沙特。2006年阿卜杜拉国王访华，2017年萨勒曼国王访华。2019年穆罕默德王储访华，使沙中关系发展驶入快车道。2016年习主席访问沙特时，中沙建立全面战略伙伴关系。从主要以石油贸易为主的经贸交流拓展到基建，能源，信息通信和制造业等领域的务实合作。这主要得益于沙方也希望多元化发展。

去年在新冠疫情影响下，沙中双边贸易依然同比增长30%，这充分展现了两国经贸合作的韧性和潜力，中国驻沙特大使陈伟庆在中沙建交32周年纪念会上说。“中沙关系始终保持健康，稳定，强劲发展，这主要得益于两国所共同遵循的理念和原则。”

事实上，沙中始终秉持政治上互相尊重，经济上互利共赢，对外又奉行独立自主的外交原则。沙特一贯恪守一中原则。在民主、人权等议题上，两国都珍视实现全人类共同价值，坚决反对将有关议题作为干涉其他国家内政的借口。

2013年，中国提出“一带一路”倡议，大力推动沿线国家基础设施建设，为世界经济增长注入新动能。目前，中国对沿线国家非金融类直接投资超过1400亿美元。沙特是最早支持并参与共建“一带一路”的国家之一，双方在此框架下合作不断深化。2016年，穆罕默德王储提出“2030愿景”，大力推动沙特经济多元化转型，取得瞩目进展，越来越多标注“沙特制造”的产品问世。中国制造业产值位居全球第一，在5G、人工智能、核能、可再生能源、航天等领域技术水平处于世界一流。因此，中国可以成为沙特在实现“2030愿景”的重要合作伙伴。中国可以为沙特提供各方面的技术支持。沙特可以为中国提供能源。

沙中奉行独立自主的外交政策，主张维护《联合国宪章》和国际法为基础的国际秩序。习近平主席提出了全球安全倡议，呼吁坚持共同、综合、合作、可持续的安全观，尊重各国主权、领土完整，不干涉别国内政，尊重各国人民自主选择的发展道路和社会制度。

萨勒曼国王在第76届联大表示：沙特一贯遵循基于国际法的原则和决议，尊重所有国家的领土主权，坚决反对干涉其他国家内政。中沙两国都坚定支持多边主义和自由贸易，积极融入经济全球化进程。

沙中在世贸组织、二十国集团等多边平台保持良好沟通协作，共同为促进国际贸易投资、维护全球产业链供应链稳定发挥建设性作用。新冠肺炎疫情发生以来，沙中共同倡导国际社会团结抗疫、共克时艰，作为全球最大的石油出进口国，沙中共同致力于维护全球能源市场稳定。

今年4月，习近平主席同沙特王储穆罕默德通电话指出，中方将发展对沙特关系置于优先方向。中方将继续推动共建“一带一路”倡议同沙特“2030愿景”对接，打造两国能源、经贸、高技术等领域高水平合作格局。中方支持沙方“绿色中东”倡议，欢迎沙方加入全球发展倡议。中方愿同沙方一道，促进中东地区和平稳定，推动早日达成中国－海合会自由贸易区协定。即中方愿意同沙特和海湾阿拉伯合作委员会所有国家进行自由贸易。

穆罕默德王储表示，中国是沙特的重要全面战略合作伙伴。沙特高度重视发展对华关系，坚定恪守一个中国原则。沙方愿同中方加强高层交往，签署沙特“2030愿景”同共建“一带一路”对接协议，深化经贸、交通、基础设施、能源等领域合作。沙方愿同中方加强在国际和地区事务中的沟通协调，支持中方在重大国际和地区问题上的正义立场，支持阿盟和海合会同中国加强合作。

综上所述，沙中合作不仅限于石油贸易，还可以在绿色发展，基础设施建设和制造业，高科技等多领域深化合作，前景十分广阔。

作者简介：晨曦，北欧绿色邮报网主编社长，资深媒体人，国际政治评论员，可持续发展专家学者。毕业于辽宁大学英语专业，中国人民大学国际政治专业，英国Middlesex大学可持续发展领导力专业，新西兰坎特伯雷大学政治新闻系访问学者。关注伊拉克战争利比亚战争叙利亚战争阿富汗战争俄乌战争，主要观点是战争是可持续发展的大敌，唯有和平才能有发展。Chenxuefei7@hotmail.com, chenxuefei@greenpost.se

国际新闻, 头条要闻, 欧洲新闻

美国最大武器出口国沙特最大武器进口国

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北欧绿色邮报网报道（记者陈雪霏）据斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所3月9日消息，在2015-2019年五年间，国际武器销售比上一个五年增加了5.5%。最大的武器出口国是美国，俄罗斯，法国，德国和中国。

新的数据显示，武器主要流向了中东，沙特阿拉伯是最大武器进口商。

消息说，美国在过去五年中，其武器销售给96个国家。美国武器销售增加了23%。但是，比第二大武器销售国俄罗斯却增加了76%。 其中一半武器进入了中东地区，另一半全部卖给了沙特阿拉伯。

美国的先进军用飞机主要卖给了欧洲，澳大利亚，日本和中国台湾，斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所高级研究员魏泽曼说。

世界第一大武器进口国是沙特，第二大武器进口国是印度。

值得一提的是法国武器销售占全球销售的7.9%，是1990年以来销售最多的五年。销售地点是埃及，卡塔尔和印度。

阿联酋也进口了很多美国的武器。也门，利比亚的内战，都与沙特和阿联酋有关。

不难看出，世界局势的风云变幻与武器的流向有直接关系。中东战火不断，与武器的不断流入不无关系。

USA and France dramatically increase major arms exports; Saudi Arabia is largest arms importer—says SIPRI 
(Stockholm, 9 March 2020) International transfers of major arms during the five-year period 2015–19 increased by 5.5 per cent compared with 2010–14. According to new data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), the largest exporters of arms during the past five years were the United States, Russia, France, Germany and China. The new data shows that the flow of arms to the Middle East has increased, with Saudi Arabia clearly being the world’s largest importer.Read this press release in Catalan, French, Russian, Spanish or Swedish.Download the Fact Sheet: Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2019
 
Significant increase in arms exports from the United States and FranceBetween 2010–14 and 2015–19, exports of major arms from the USA grew by 23 per cent, raising its share of total global arms exports to 36 per cent. In 2015–19 total US arms exports were 76 per cent higher than those of the second-largest arms exporter in the world, Russia. Major arms transferred from the USA went to a total of 96 countries.‘Half of US arms exports in the past five years went to the Middle East, and half of those went to Saudi Arabia,’ says Pieter D. Wezeman, Senior Researcher at SIPRI. ‘At the same time, demand for the USA’s advanced military aircraft increased, particularly in Europe, Australia, Japan and Taiwan.’French arms exports reached their highest level for any five-year period since 1990 and accounted for 7.9 per cent of total global arms exports in 2015–19, a 72 per cent increase on 2010–14. ‘The French arms industry has benefited from the demand for arms in Egypt, Qatar and India,’ says Diego Lopes Da Silva, SIPRI Researcher. 
 Notable decrease in Russian arms exports
Major arms exports by Russia decreased by 18 per cent between 2010–14 and 2015–19. ‘Russia has lost traction in India—the main long-term recipient of Russian major arms—which has led to a sharp reduction in arms exports,’ says Alexandra Kuimova, SIPRI Researcher. ‘This decrease was not offset by the increase in Russian arms exports to Egypt and Iraq in 2015–19.’
 Arms flows to countries in conflictArms imports by countries in the Middle East increased by 61 per cent between 2010–14 and 
2015–19, and accounted for 35 per cent of total global arms imports over the past five years.
 Saudi Arabia was the world’s largest arms importer in 2015–19. Its imports of major arms increased by 130 per cent compared with the previous five-year period and it accounted for 12 per cent of global arms imports in 2015–19. Despite the wide-ranging concerns in the USA and the United Kingdom about Saudi Arabia’s military intervention in Yemen, both the USA and the UK continued to export arms to Saudi Arabia in 2015–19. A total of 73 per cent of Saudi Arabia’s arms imports came from the USA and 13 per cent from the UK.
India was the second-largest arms importer in the world over the past five years, with its neighbour Pakistan ranking 11th. ‘As in previous years, in 2019 India and Pakistan—which are nuclear-armed states—attacked each other using an array of imported major arms,’ says Siemon T. Wezeman, Senior Researcher at SIPRI. ‘Many of the world’s largest arms exporters have supplied these two states for decades, often exporting arms to both sides.’
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been militarily involved in Libya as well as Yemen over the past five years and was the eighth-largest arms importer in the world in 2015–19. Two-thirds of its arms imports came from the USA during this period. In 2019, when foreign military involvement in Libya was condemned by the United Nations Security Council, the UAE had major arms import deals ongoing with Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the UK and the USA.In 2015–19 there were again armed clashes between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Both countries are building up their military capability through imports, including missiles capable of attacking targets inside each other’s territory. Russia accounted for almost all of Armenia’s arms imports over the past five years. A total of 60 per cent of Azerbaijan’s arms imports came from Israel and 31 per cent from Russia.
In 2015–19 Turkish arms imports were 48 per cent lower than in the previous five-year period, even though its military was fighting Kurdish rebels and was involved in the conflicts in Libya and Syria. This decrease in imports can be explained by delays in deliveries of some major arms, the cancellation of a large deal with the USA for combat aircraft, and developments in the capability of the Turkish arms industry.
 Other notable developmentsGermany’s arms exports were 17 per cent higher in 2015–19 than in 2010–14.

China was the fifth-largest arms exporter in 2015–19 and significantly increased the number of recipients of its major arms: from 40 in 2010–14 to 53 in 2015–19.
South Korea’s arms exports rose by 143 per cent between 2010–14 and 2015–19 and it entered the list of the top 10 largest exporters for the first time.
Israeli arms exports increased by 77 per cent between 2010–14 and 2015–19 to their highest-ever level.
West and Central European states had outstanding orders at the end of 2019 for imports of 380 new combat aircraft from the USA.
Egypt’s arms imports tripled between 2010–14 and 2015–19, making it the world’s third-largest arms importer.

Brazil’s arms imports in 2015–19 were the highest in South America, accounting for 31 per cent of the subregion’s arms imports, despite a 37 per cent decrease compared with 2010–14.
South Africa, the largest arms importer in sub-Saharan Africa in 2005–2009, imported almost no major arms in 2015–19. 
For Editors
The SIPRI Arms Transfers Database is the only public resource that provides consistent information, often estimates, on all international transfers of major arms (including sales, gifts and production under licence) to states, international organizations and non-state groups since 1950. It is accessible on the Arms Transfers Database page of SIPRI’s website.SIPRI’s data reflects the volume of deliveries of arms, not the financial value of the deals. As the volume of deliveries can fluctuate significantly year-on-year, SIPRI presents data for five-year periods, giving a more stable measure of trends.
This is the second of three major data launches in the lead-up to the publication of SIPRI’s flagship publication in mid-2020, the annual SIPRI Yearbook. The third data launch release will provide comprehensive information on global, regional and national trends in military spending. For information and interview requests contact Alexandra Manolache (alexandra.manolache@sipri.org, +46 722 035 830) or Stephanie Blenckner (blenckner@sipri.org, +46 8 655 97 47).
 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)
SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public.
Related PublicationTrends in International Arms Transfers, 2019
 
From 9 March 2020 the freely accessible SIPRI Arms Transfers Database includes updated data on arms transfers for 1950–2019. Based on the new data, this Fact Sheet presents global trends in arms exports and arms imports and highlights selected issues related to arms transfers.