今日头条:林达尔,穆德里奇和桑卡尔分享2015诺贝尔化学奖

北欧绿色邮报网报道(记者陈雪霏)--瑞典皇家科学院常务秘书约翰. 汉森7日在科学院总部宣布2015年诺贝尔化学奖将授予林达尔,穆德里奇和桑卡尔。授奖理由是他们发现了DNA修复的机制研究。

DSC_3796根据科学院发布的信息,人体本身细胞里有DNA修复的工具箱。

今年诺贝尔化学奖奖励的三位科学家在分子层面绘出了细胞如何修复受损的DNA并保卫基因的信息。他们的发现为了解活细胞如何工作提供了基本知识,例如可以被用于开发新的癌症治疗方案。

每天我们的DNA都被紫外线辐射,因此,一个DNA分子是不稳定的。数千种自发的细胞基因组变化每天都在发生。而且,DNA在细胞分裂并被复制过程中有可能产生瑕疵。这个过程在人的身体里每天发生几百万次。

我们的基因物质没有崩溃成完全的化学骚乱的原因就是有一个分子系统不停的监督和修补DNA。

而这三位科学家都分别绘制了这些修复系统在分子层面运作的详细情况。

1970年代,科学家们相信DNA是一个极端稳定的分子。但是瑞典科学家卡罗林斯卡博士托马斯. 林达尔的研究表明DNA老化的速度一定使地球上的生命不可能发展。这个洞察导致他发现了分子仪器,基础切除修复。对DNA的老化进行不断地应对。

美国和土耳其双重国籍的阿齐滋.桑卡尔发现了细胞使用核苷酸切除修复机制来修复紫外线对DNA的损害。人如果天生在这个修复系统里有缺陷又在太阳光下暴晒,就会得皮肤癌。

美国科学家穆德里奇示范了当DNA拷贝时细胞是如何修正错误的。该机制使DNA复制过程中出错的频率降低了1000倍。

DSC_3807瑞典皇家科学院院士,结构生物学教授哈德在接受绿色邮报记者采访时说,这三位科学家的发现为人们了解细胞提供了基本洞见,对抗衰老和防癌新方式都有好处。

哈德教授接受绿色邮报记者采访。Anneli拍摄。

林达尔1938年出生在瑞典是瑞典公民,也是瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院毕业的。1978-1982年在哥德堡大学工作。目前是英国癌症研究的课题组领导人。在新闻发布会上,林达尔回答绿色邮报记者是否他对获奖有所预期,他说,他感到很惊讶,但也不是100%的惊讶,因为他多年来从事这方面的研究,也意识到它的重要性,他说,他感到自己很幸运。

穆德里奇1946年在美国出生是斯坦福大学博士。现在是霍华德休斯医学院调查员,美国多尔拉姆杜克大学生物化学教授。

桑卡尔1946年出生于土耳其,1977年在德州达拉斯大学获得博士学位,现在是北卡罗来纳大学医学院的生物化学教授。

他们三位科学家共享800万瑞典克朗约660万元人民币。

他们将在12月10日在斯德哥尔摩音乐厅从瑞典国王手中领取诺贝尔奖。

 

 

A Swedish and two American scientists win 2015 Nobel Prize

Stockholm, Oct. 7(Greenpost)–Swedish scientist Tomas Lindahl and American Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar share 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Mechanistic Studies of DNA repair, announced Goran Hansson, Permanent Secretary from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

DSC_3796 Sara Snogeerup Linse explained that The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 is awarded to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar for having mapped, at a molecular level, how cells repair damaged DNA and safeguard the genetic information.

Their work has provided fundamental knowledge of how a living cell functions and is, for instance, used for the development of new cancer treatments.

“Each day our DNA is damaged by UV radiation, free radicals and other carcinogenic substances, but even without such external attacks, a DNA molecule is inherently unstable. Thousands of spontaneous changes to a cell’s genome occur on a daily basis. Furthermore, defects can also arise when DNA is copied during cell division, a process that occurs several million times every day in the human body.”

The reason our genetic material does not disintegrate into complete chemical chaos is that a host of molecular systems continuously monitor and repair DNA.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 awards three pioneering scientists who have mapped how several of these repair systems function at a detailed molecular level.

In the early 1970s, Tomas Lindahl demonstra­ted that DNA decays at a rate that ought to have made the development of life on Earth impossible. This insight led him to discover a molecular machinery, base excision repair, which constantly counteracts the collapse of our DNA.

Aziz Sancar has mapped nucleotide excision repair, the mechanism that cells use to repair UV damage to DNA. People born with defects in this repair system will develop skin cancer if they are exposed to sunlight. The cell also utilises nucleotide excision repair to correct defects caused by mutagenic substances, among other things.

Paul Modrich has demonstrated how the cell corrects errors that occur when DNA is replicated during cell division. This mechanism, mismatch repair, reduces the error frequency during DNA replication by about a thousandfold. Conge­nital defects in mismatch repair are known, for example, to cause a hereditary variant of colon cancer.

The Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 2015 have provided fundamental insights into how cells function, knowledge that can be used, for instance, in the development of new cancer treatments.

DSC_3803Being interviewed by Green Post, Torleif Härd Professor in Structural Biology said the discovery is very important in helping us understand how cells work and it can be very helpful for finding new methods in anti-aging and cancer.

He said this can be seen as another tool for the human body to protect itself.

Tomas Lindahl, Swedish citizen. Born 1938 in Stockholm, Sweden. Ph.D. 1967 from Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Professor of Medical and Physiological Chemistry at University of Gothenburg 1978–82. Emeritus group leader at Francis Crick Institute and Emeritus director of Cancer Research UK at Clare Hall Laboratory, Hertfordshire, UK.

Paul Modrich, U.S. citizen. Born 1946. Ph.D. 1973 from Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Investigator at Howard Hughes Medical Institute and James B. Duke Professor of Biochemistry at Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.

Aziz Sancar, U.S. and Turkish citizen. Born 1946 in Savur, Turkey. Ph.D. 1977 from University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA. Sarah Graham Kenan Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina school of Medicine.

Tomas Lindahl said he was surprized and feel lucky and privileged in answering Green Post question.

In interview with Nobel Media Adam Smith, he said he was surprised to some extent.

“… not 100% surprise because Im getting up in the years and I know that I have been one of the well known scientists in my field of science, which is DNA repair for many years. So the question was will there be a Prize for DNA repair, and I think many people have now realised its a very important topic of research, and if so there would be 10, 15 excellent people you could choose from, and you cant give the Nobel Prize to more than three people. So I feel very lucky and privileged to be included in the top class that was awarded.”

He was at home when he learned the news.

The American Modrich said he was in his countryside cabin when he received emails from outside.

He said he felt shocked, but happy to hear the news.

头条快讯:英瑞林达尔,美穆德理奇和桑卡尔三科学家分享2015诺贝尔化学奖

北欧绿色邮报网报道(记者陈雪霏)--瑞典皇家科学院常务秘书约翰.汉森7日在斯德哥尔摩宣布,2015诺贝尔化学奖将授予英国科学家Tomas Lindahl, 美国科学家Paul Modrich, Aziz Sancar.

IMG_0662他们获奖的理由是DNA修复的机制研究。

他们发现了DNA修复的细胞工具箱。

他们将于12月10日在斯德哥尔摩音乐厅从国王手中领取诺贝尔奖。

诺贝尔奖分医学,物理,化学,文学和和平奖。还有一个纪念诺贝尔的瑞典央行奖,熟称诺贝尔经济学奖。都是奖励那些在这些领域为人类做出巨大贡献的人。

Kajita, MaDonald win 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics

By Xuefei Chen Axelsson

Stockholm, Oct. 7(Greenpost)–The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Noble Prize in Physics for 2015 toTakaaki Kajita,  and Arthur B. McDonald “for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, showing that neutrinos have mass”.

Permanent Secretary Goran Hansson made this announcement at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 recognises Takaaki Kajita in Japan and Arthur B. McDonald in Canada, for their key contributions to the experiments which demonstrated that neutrinos change identities. This metamorphosis requires that neutrinos have mass. The discovery has changed our understanding of the innermost workings of matter and can prove crucial to our view of the universe.

Around the turn of the millennium, Takaaki Kajita presented the discovery that neutrinos from the atmosphere switch between two identities on their way to the Super-Kamio­kande detector in Japan.

Meanwhile, the research group in Canada led by Arthur B. McDonald could demonstrate that the neutrinos from the Sun were not disappearing on their way to Earth. Instead they were captured with a different identity when arriving to the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory.

A neutrino puzzle that physicists had wrestled with for decades had been resolved. Compared to theoretical calculations of the number of neutrinos created in nuclear reactions inside the Sun, up to two thirds of neutrinos were missing in measurements performed on Earth. Now, the two experiments discovered that the neutrinos had changed identities.

The two discoveries led to the far-reaching conclusion that neutrinos, which for a long time were considered massless, must have some mass, however small.

For particle physics this was a historic discovery. Its Standard Model of the innermost workings of matter had been incredibly successful, having resisted all experimental chal­lenges for more than twenty years. However, as it requires neutrinos to be massless, the new observations had clearly showed that the Standard Model cannot be the complete theory of the fundamental constituents of the universe.

The discoveries rewarded with this year’s Nobel Prize in Physics have yielded crucial insights into the all but hidden world of neutrinos. After photons, the particles of light, neutrinos are the most numerous in the entire cosmos. The Earth is constantly bombarded by them.

Many neutrinos are created in reactions between cosmic radiation and the Earth’s atmosphere. Others are produced in nuclear reactions inside the Sun. Thousands of billions of neutrinos are streaming through our bodies each second. Hardly anything can stop them passing, neutrinos are nature’s most elusive elementary particles.

Now the experiments continue and intense activity is underway worldwide in order to capture neutrinos and examine their properties. New discoveries about their deepest secrets are expected to change current understandings of the history, structure and future fate of the universe.

Takaaki Kajita, Japanese citizen. Born 1959 in Higashimatsuyama, Japan. Ph.D. 1986 from University of Tokyo, Japan. Director of Institute for Cosmic Ray Research and Professor at University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.
http://www.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/about/greeting_eng.html

Arthur B. McDonald, Canadian citizen. Born 1943 in Sydney, Canada. Ph.D. 1969 from Californa Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. Professor Emeritus at Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada.
http://www.queensu.ca/physics/arthur-mcdonald 

Prize amount: 8 million Swedish krona, to be shared equally between the Laureates.

In an interview after the press conference, Professor Per Carlsson said the discoveries are great for us to understand how the sun works and how neutrinos the smallest particles work and it contributes a lot for future research.

祝贺屠呦呦获2015 诺贝尔医学奖

北欧绿色邮报网主编陈雪霏

当我在卡罗林斯卡医学院诺贝尔大厅新闻发布会上听到获奖名单中有屠呦呦的时候,我的手几乎发抖,我的心也立即提到嗓子眼儿,这是一个多么熟悉的名字。我立即用手机发出消息。但由于太激动了,第一次还发错了,说是三分诺奖。发出以后洗耳倾听,发现是屠呦呦一个人与另外两位美日科学家分享。无论如何,这个5年前的梦想,终于实现了!

cropped-DSC_3714.jpg

看到网上已经有各种文章了,感觉自己的文字苍白无力。然而,掩卷沉思,我还是情不自禁地写上几句。真心祝贺屠呦呦获诺贝尔医学奖。当时记者立即问诺贝尔委员会,屠呦呦获奖是否标志着中国中医首次获得诺贝尔奖的承认。评委会的人立即澄清,这不是对中医的奖励,而是对其受中医的鼓舞,在中医的平台上提炼出化学成份青蒿素,能提炼出单一结构的成份,治疗疟疾效果达到百分之百。这是中国大部分科学家的集体成果,但是,诺贝尔奖委员会发现,在这个过程中,屠呦呦是第一个把青蒿素用低温提纯,发现效果立即大大增强,并对该结果进行了汇报。后来的科学家根据她的发现,进一步科研,再后来,药品公司把科研成果制成药品,拯救了成百上千万人的生命。

 

屠呦呦的获奖说明在科学上,只要不畏劳苦,努力攀登,对人类做出巨大贡献,就会引起关注,迟早都会得到承认。它也充分说明在毛泽东时代,在毛泽东领导下的新中国,利用传统中医,加上积极创新,发动科学界的力量,找到了很多对付传染病的好办法。新中国成立以来,人口从四亿增长到八亿,在这个过程中,要得益于很多地方传染病的消灭,使儿童成活率大大提高。在中国建国后的前三十年,即使是国际卫生组织和联合国开发计划署的官员都承认,那时的卫生事业在中国是非常突出的。

 

当然,屠呦呦先生的贡献是非常突出的。屠呦呦提出复筛曾经显示效价较高的中药青蒿,后改用沸点比乙醇低的乙醚提取青蒿,最终在1971年10月4日得到对鼠疟具有100%抑制率的青蒿中性提取物。

1972年3月8日,屠呦呦作为中药所的代表,在全国“523办公室”主持的南京“中医中药专业组”会议上报告了青蒿乙醚中性粗提物的鼠疟、猴疟抑制率达100%的结果,引起了全体与会者的关注。这个发现在后来的40多年里证明为人类做出了巨大贡献!

 

屠呦呦的科学精神来自于从小在家乡宁波就了解青蒿和中草药,长大致力于这个自己非常感兴趣的领域,同时,在毛泽东思想指导下,在523项目组的实施中,认真完成任务,是个突出的科学带头人。

 

屠呦呦的科学精神是中国人民的骄傲!诺贝尔医学奖委员会主席评价她时说,她为所有的年轻科学工作者做出了很好的榜样。前卡罗林斯卡医学院诺奖大会秘书约翰.汉森也对屠呦呦高度评价,对她表示祝贺。

 

屠呦呦实现了本土科学家在自然科学领域获得诺贝尔奖的零突破。如果说以前,在获得别的奖时总有这样那样的争议,那么,屠呦呦的获奖是实至名归,这将更加激励更多的科研人员踏踏实实地做研究,实事求是地了解事物发展规律,相信屠呦呦的获奖能让我们相信事实就是事实,黑的就是黑的,白的就是白的。正如马克思说的那句,在科学上,没有平坦的大道,只有不畏劳苦,沿着陡峭山路攀登的人,才有希望达到光辉的顶点。

 

再次祝贺屠呦呦!祝贺中国医学科学界!祝贺祖国!